During the characterizing dialectic, Engels had written: “Head laws and regulations: conversion out of amounts and quality-mutual penetration out of polar opposites and you will conversion process for the one another whenever sent to help you extremes; innovation as a consequence of paradox, otherwise negation from negation; [and] the fresh spiral kind of advancement” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p

Pre-Marxist dialectic ergo designed a broad is out-of amount, characteristics, community, and you will mind (seen in Greek natural values); a to-be of them entities in the form of analytical kinds (Platonism, Hegel); the fresh new practise off right questions and you can answers as well as argument (Socrates, the newest Stoics); a grievance of becoming and its own substitute for from the a distinct and you will unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno of Elea); the fresh new doctrine away from realistically emerging, possible concepts, judgments, and you may conclusions (Aristotle): the newest medical depletion of all the illusions regarding human cause, and therefore inconsistently aims on the an absolute wholeness and therefore disintegrates towards contradictions (Kant); this new subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you can absolutist (Hegel) values of heart (Geist), due to the fact expressed from the to get out of classes.

Grams. Belinskii, A. We. Herzen, and you may Letter. G. Chernyshevskii reached an effective materialist dialectic. Weighed against Hegel, it derived cutting edge findings from the info out of eternal activity and you will development: in their mind dialectic are the newest “algebra out of trend” (look for A good. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois philosophy once Hegel turned into from the achievement regarding the area of dialectic that were hit inside the philosophy. Hegels dialectic was declined by several philosophers since “sophistry,” an enthusiastic “mistake inside reasoning,” plus a good “infected perversion from head” (Roentgen. Haym, A beneficial. Trendelenburg, and you can Elizabeth. von Hartmann). Regarding the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) new dialectic of “conceptual records” is actually changed by the “reasoning of the statistical thought of form,” hence contributed to good negation of the idea of substance and you may so you can “actual idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism come to the brand new so-named bad dialectic, saying that contradictions revealed inside the axioms attest towards the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of the items. Brand new unity off opposites is actually changed of the a beneficial unity out of coexisting, additional aspects for the sake of reaching an integration of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic in addition to came up because the a blending of opposites, with the help of absolute intuition (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and i also. A beneficial. Ilin). H. Bergson state-of-the-art a request on irrational and you can purely instinctive consolidating out of opposites, a combo is addressed once the a good “miracle.” Into the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the new dialectic is actually know relativistically, just like the a more or less opportunity design from awareness. Characteristics is recognized as the fresh new areas out of “positivist reasoning,” whereas neighborhood is famous in the form of “dialectical need,” and that comes their principles away from peoples consciousness in addition to private simple feel off humans. Most other existentialists (Grams. Marcel colombian cupid, Meters. Buber) beat dialectic theologically, because the a system from issues and you may answers between awareness and being. Records out-of a poor dialectic created just like the a whole assertion regarding reality and not resulting in another synthesis have been developed of the T. Adorno and H. Marcuse.

A consistently materialist translation regarding dialectic try provided by K. Marx and you will F. Engels, the newest founders of doctrine off dialectical materialism. Immediately after vitally going-over the fresh triumph out of before dialectic, Marx and you can Engels applied their philosophy with the reworking off philosophy, governmental economy, and you may background also to the foundation off an insurance plan and you will tactics to your experts direction. V. I. Lenin generated a fantastic sum into the development of materialist dialectic. The newest classics away from Marxism-Leninism admiration materialist dialectic once the doctrine away from common interconnections and you may more standard legislation from development of being and think.

We. Herzen, Sobr

Materialist dialectic are expressed during the a system out-of groups and you will guidelines. 1). The law of the unity and you can disagreement from opposites uses up an effective special set certainly one of all the rules of one’s dialectic; Lenin called it the central core of your dialectic.