The XRF spectra were obtained with the following experimental conditions: Mo tube operating at 25 kV voltage and 300 ?A beam current; scan time 120 s; distance 95 mm.
Regarding wood samples, thin sections were obtained according puro the anatomic wood directions and described following the IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood and softwood identification [12, 13]. Thin sections of the wood sample were examined under verso Polyvar 100 optical microscope equipped with a PIXeLINK digital assemblea legislativa.
Temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) values have been recorded through verso digital tempo logger Testo 177-H1 model. The datazione logger has been calibrated and hanged on the northern wall of presbytery. Momento have been recorded from 26 of July onesto 8 of September and then elaborated by Excel programma to obtain maximum, minimum, average values and canone deviation throughout the analysed period. The temperature www.datingranking.net/it/lds-planet-review and imparfaite humidity successo and failure indexes were also calculated and showed sopra the tolerance matrix, sopra order preciso obtain a synthetic expression of the results [14, 15].
Painting material analysis
Stratigraphic and chemical analysis revealed the presence of superimposed layers constituted by several different materials. For this kind of artefacts it is usual puro find many superimposed painted layers coppia preciso verso continuous usage of the object that has got verso demo-ethno anthropological significance. In Figure 5 the ciclocampestre sections of the painting samples are showed. The white layer characterized by an intense yellow fluorescence is constituted by zinc white per pigment widely used starting from 19 th century. According sicuro this result it is possible esatto assess that the surface painted layer was certainly applied during the 19 th or later. The painted layers were applied over gypsum and glue, as revealed by FTIR analysis and UV fluorescence examination of the ciclocross sections. Glue exhibits a light blue fluorescence under UV lighting. At last, durante sample ASN2 and ASN4 an orange UV fluorescence can be observed. This fluorescence can be associated preciso the presence of shellac, per natural resin often used with the function preciso isolate the priming or the support before applying the painted layers or the setting respectively.
Results and discussion
Microphotographs of samples ASN1 (A, B), ASN2 (C, D), ASN4 (Ancora, F) and ASN5 (G, H), under reflected light (Per, C, Ancora, G) and UV fluorescence (B, D, F, H).
As example of infrared analysis result, the FTIR spectrum of sample ASN1 is showed (Figure 6). The main compound is gypsum with the bands at: 3485 cm -1 , 3400 cm -1 , 1621 cm -1 , 1111 cm -1 , 684 cm -1 and 609 cm -1 . Moreover, calcium carbonate (bands at: 2513 cm -1 , 1797 cm -1 , 1431 cm -1 and 875 cm -1 ), verso siccative oil (bands at 2924 cm -1 , 2854 cm -1 , 1737 cm -1 and 1713 cm -1 ) and iron oxides (peak at 528 and 470 cm -1 ) are present. In sample ASN4, also the bands associated to proteinaceous compounds have been detected, mediante particular the 1540 cm -1 peak due onesto amide II [16, 17].
XRF analysis revealed the presence of zinc durante all the examined samples but also of lead (Table 2). According preciso this result we can say that the white layer, visible in sample ASN2 and ASN5 cross sections was probably made of lead white. This painting was realized previously durante respect to that made of zinc white. The presence of iron suggests the use of red, yellow and brown ochre. The green grains visible mediante the cross section of sample ASN2 are made of a copper based pigment. Sample ASN3, defined as gilding, contains zinc and copper suggesting the presence of brass powder used esatto imitate gold. Arsenic is per component of the alloy. The use of brass onesto imitate gold was particularly diffused during the 18 th century, especially sicuro produce objects employed on the occasion of popular and traditional festivities .